Comparison of fentanyl and dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant to bupivacaine for unilateral spinal anesthesia in lower limb surgery: a randomized trial / Comparação de fentanil e dexmedetomidina como adjuvante à bupivacaína para raquianestesia unilateral em cirurgia de membros inferiores: estudo randômico

Abstract Background and objectives One of the disadvantages of unilateral spinal anesthesia is the short duration of post-operative analgesia, which can be addressed by adding adjuvants to local anesthetics. The aim of current study was to compare the effects of adding dexmedetomidine, fentanyl, or saline to bupivacaine on the properties of unilateral spinal anesthesia in patients undergoing calf surgery. Methods In this double-blind clinical trial, 90 patients who underwent elective calf surgery were randomly divided into three groups. The spinal anesthetic rate in each of the three groups was 1 mL bupivacaine 0.5% (5 mg). In groups BD, BF and BS, 5 µg of dexmedetomidine, 25 µg of fentanyl and 0.5 mL saline were added, respectively. The duration of the motor and sensory blocks in both limbs and the rate of pain during 24 h after surgery were calculated. Hemodynamic changes were also measured during anesthesia for up to 90 min. Results The duration of both of motor and sensory block was significantly longer in dependent limb in the BF (96 and 169 min) and BD (92 and 166 min) groups than the BS (84 and 157 min) group. Visual Analog Scale was significantly lower in the two groups of BF (1.4) and BD (1.3), within 24 h after surgery, than the BS (1.6) group. Conclusions The addition of fentanyl and dexmedetomidine to bupivacaine in unilateral spinal anesthesia can increase the duration of the motor and sensory block in dependent limb and prolong the duration of postoperative pain. However, fentanyl is more effective than dexmedetomidine.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos Uma das desvantagens da raquianestesia unilateral é a curta duração da analgesia pós-operatória, que pode ser abordada pela adição de adjuvantes aos anestésicos locais. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os efeitos da adição de dexmedetomidina, fentanil ou solução salina à bupivacaína sobre as propriedades da raquianestesia unilateral em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de panturrilha. Métodos Neste ensaio clínico duplo-cego, 90 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia eletiva de panturrilha foram randomicamente divididos em três grupos. A quantidade de anestésico para a raquianestesia nos três grupos foi de 1 mL de bupivacaína a 0,5% (5 mg). Nos grupos BD, BF e BS, 5 µg de dexmedetomidina, 25 µg de fentanil e 0,5 mL de solução salina foram adicionados, respectivamente. Foram calculados a duração dos bloqueios motor e sensorial em ambos os membros e o escore de dor durante 24 horas após a cirurgia. As alterações hemodinâmicas também foram medidas durante a anestesia por até 90 minutos. Resultados A duração de ambos os bloqueios, motor e sensorial, foi significativamente maior no membro dependente nos grupos BF (96 e 169 min) e BD (92 e 166 min) do que no grupo BS (84 e 157 min). Os escores da escala visual analógica foram significativamente menores nos grupos BF (1,4) e BD (1,3) do que no grupo BS (1,6) nas 24 horas após a cirurgia. Conclusões A adição de fentanil e dexmedetomidina à bupivacaína em raquianestesia unilateral pode aumentar a duração dos bloqueios sensorial e motor no membro dependente e prolongar a duração da dor pós-operatória. Contudo, fentanil é mais eficaz do que dexmedetomidina.

Efectividad analgésica postoperatoria de la adición de morfina más dexametasona al anestésico local en bloqueo ecodirigido de plexo braquial / Postoperative analgesic effectiveness of the addition of morphine plus dexamethasone to the local anesthetic in ultrasound-guided brachial plexus block

OBJECTIVE: To describe and evaluate the postoperative analgesic effectiveness of the combination of morphine, dexamethasone and local anesthetic in ultrasound-guided brachial plexus block. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective, observational and analytical cohort study was conducted. The cohort was composed of 106 patients divided into three groups: 1. Local anesthetic (AL), 2. Local anesthetic plus dexamethasone (ALD) and 3. Local anesthetic plus dexamethasone and morphine (ALDM). The outcome variable was acute postoperative pain (DAP) and the need for analgesic rescue. The DAP was evaluated at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 postoperative hours using an analogous verbal scale (VAS) and was additionally recorded if it required analgesic rescue. Additionally, latency time, duration of sensory and motor block were recorded. Analysis was done with stata14 software. RESULTS: The overall incidence of postoperative pain was higher in the AL group (89%) than in the ALD group (58.3%) and ALDM (60%). At 3,6 and 9 hours postoperatively, no differences were found between the three groups. At 12 and 18 hours postoperatively, the incidence of pain in the ALD and ALDM groups was lower and significant (p < 0.05) with respect to the AL group. There were no statistically significant differences between the ALD and ALDM groups. At 24 post-operative time no statistically, significant differences were found between the three groups, however at that time the incidence of pain in the AL group was 38% vs 25% of the ALDM group vs 23% of the ALD group. At the end of the study, the intervention in the ALDM group and the ALD group presented Relative Risks (RR) of 0.68 and 0.65 respectively to the LA group. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of morphine and dexamethasone or morphine alone to the local anesthetic reduces the postoperative acute pain between 12 and 18 hours and prolongs the time of peripheral ultrasound-guided brachial plexus block. To evaluate differences between these coadjutant's, a study with more power and controlled clinical trial type is required.

Objetivo: Describir y evaluar la efectividad analgésica postoperatoria de la combinación de morfina y dexametasona como coadyuvantes a anestésicos locales en bloqueo ecodirigido del plexo braquial. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio tipo cohorte prospectivo, observacional y analítico. La cohorte quedó conformada por 106 pacientes divididos en tres grupos: grupo anestésico local sin coadyuvantes (ALSC), grupo anestésico local más dexametasona (ALD) y grupo anestésico local más dexametasona y morfina (ALDM). La variable resultado fue dolor agudo posoperatorio (DAP) moderado a severo y necesidad de rescate analgésico. EL DAP se evaluó a las 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 y 24 horas posoperatorias (POP) utilizando escala verbal análoga (EVA) y, adicionalmente, se registró si se requirió rescate analgésico. Igualmente, se registró tiempo de latencia, duración del bloqueo sensitivo y motor. El análisis se realizó con software stata14. Resultados: La incidencia global de DAP moderado a severo fue mayor en el grupo ALSC (89%) con respecto al grupo ALD (58,3%) y grupo ALDM (60%). A las 3, 6 y 9 horas posoperatorias no se evidenció diferencias entre los tres grupos. A las 12 y 18 horas posoperatorias la incidencia de dolor en los grupos con coadyuvantes fue menor y significativo (p < 0,05) con respecto al grupo control. Entre los grupos ALD y ALDM no hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas. A las 24 horas POP no se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los tres grupos, sin embargo, en ese momento la incidencia de DAP moderado a severo en los tres grupos fue 38%, 25% y 23% respectivamente. Al final del estudio la intervención en los grupos ALD y ALDM presentaron riesgos relativos (RR) de 0,68 y 0,65 respecto al grupo ALSC. Conclusiones: La adición de morfina y dexametasona o de morfina sola al anestésico local parece disminuir el DAP moderado a severo entre las 12 y 18 horas y prolongar la duración de bloqueos periféricos ecoguiados del plexo braquial. Para evaluar diferencias entre estos coadyuvantes se requieren un estudio con más poder y de tipo ensayo clínico controlado.

Uso de fármacos coadyuvantes de los anestésicos locales en anestesia regional pediátrica para el manejo del dolor agudo postoperatorio / Use of coadjuvant drugs of local anesthetics in pediatric regional anesthesia for acute postoperative pain management

La anestesia regional pediátrica, ya sea los bloqueos neuroaxiales como periféricos, constituye actualmente un pilar fundamental en el manejo analgésico multimodal orientado a los periodos intra y postoperatorio; facilitando una recuperación postquirúrgica óptima y un alta precoz en niños. La inyección única de anestésicos locales en el bloqueo regional posee una duración limitada. Para conocer las técnicas y fármacos coadyuvantes de los anestésicos locales disponibles, destinados a prolongar la duración del bloqueo en inyección única, hemos efectuado una revisión del uso de fármacos coadyuvantes de los anestésicos locales utilizados, describiendo los mecanismos de acción, la evidencia clínica de sus beneficios; como también, la incidencia de complicaciones y los riesgos asociados a su uso.

Pediatric regional anesthesia, whether neuro axial or peripheral nerve blocks, is currently a base in multimodal analgesic management aimed at the intra and postoperative periods; enabling optimal postoperative recovery and early discharge in children. Single injection of local anesthetics in regional blockade has a limited duration. In order to know the techniques and adjuvant drugs of the available local anesthetics, designed to prolong the duration of block in single injection, we have reviewed the use of adjuvants, describing the mechanisms of action, the clinical evidence of their benefits; as well as, the incidence of complications and the risks associated with its use.

Seguridad en la administración de propofol dirigido por gastroenterólogo entrenado en procedimientos endocópicos: experiencia de 10 años en clínica privada en Lima, Perú / Safety of gastroenterologist-directed propofol administration for endoscopic procedures: 10-year experience in a private clinic in Lima, Peru

Objetivo: Evaluar la seguridad de propofol combinado con meperidina y midazolam en colonoscopías, endoscopías y ecoendoscopía administrado por una enfermera supervisada por un gastroenterólogo entrenado y comparar su requerimiento en pacientes menores y mayores de 75 años. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo, que incluyó a pacientes mayores de 18 años de edad que recibieron propofol durante la endoscopía, colonoscopía (o endoscopía+colonoscopía) y ecoendoscopía. A los pacientes se les administró una dosis inicial de Meperidina (25 mg) y Midazolam (1-3 mg) por vía intravenosa (IV). Después de 2-3 minutos recibieron un bolo IV de propofol entre 10-30 mg. Se administraron bolos repetidos de 10-20 mg a intervalos no menores a 60 segundos durante cada procedimiento, titulado según necesidad y tolerancia del paciente. Resultados: Entre septiembre del 2006 y septiembre del 2016, se realizaron 9 704 procedimientos endoscópicos: 1 598 endoscopías, 3 065 colonoscopías, 2 492 endoscopía + colonoscopía y 57 eco-endoscopías. Hubo 3 912 mujeres (59,1%), la edad promedio fue de 57,1 ± 14,6 años, 880 pacientes (12,5%) mayores de 75 años. La dosis media de propofol para todos los procedimientos fue de 83,2 ± 48,1 mg, para la endoscopía y colonoscopía fue de 59,7 ± 36,2 mg y 77,2 ± 41 mg respectivamente. La dosis media utilizada en pacientes mayores de 75 años en endoscopía fue de 47,5 ± 37,8 mg, colonoscopías de 58,3 ± 33,4 mg y endoscopía + colonoscopía de 78,7 ± 42,7 mg en comparación con pacientes < 75 años en los que la dosis promedio de endoscopía fue de 61,1±35,8 mg (p <0,05), en colonoscopías de 80,5±41,3 mg (p<0,05) y en endoscopías+colonoscopías 105,9 ± 50,2 mg (p<0,05). No hubo complicaciones relacionadas con la sedación. Conclusiones: Propofol combinado con meperidina y midazolam en procedimientos endoscópicos, administrado por enfermera y dirigidos por un gastroenterólogo entrenado, es seguro. Los pacientes mayores de 75 años, necesitaron dosis significativamente menores de propofol para endoscopía, colonoscopia, endoscopía + colonoscopia y ecoendoscopía.

Objective: To evaluate safety of propofol combined with Meperidine and Midazolam in colonoscopies, upper endoscopies (EGD) and Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS) administered by a nurse supervised by a trained gastroenterologist. To compare the required doses of propofol among older and younger than 75 years old. Materials and methods: Retrospective descriptive study including patients 18 years of age and older who received propofol for EGD, colonoscopy (or EGD + colonoscopy) and EUS. The patients were given a baseline dose of Meperidine (25 mg) and Midazolam (1-3 mg) intravenously (IV). After 2-3 minutes, they received an IV bolus of propofol between 10-30 mg. Repeat boluses of 10-20 mg were administered at intervals no lesser than 60 seconds during the procedure, as needed according to patient`s tolerance to the procedure. Results: Between September 2006 and September 2016, 9,704 procedures were performed, of which 1,598 were EGD, 3,065 colonoscopies, 2,492 EGD + colonoscopies and 57 EUS. There were 3,912 women (59.1%), and the average age was 57.1 ± 14.6 years. Eight hundred eighty (12.5%) were older than 75 years. The average dose of propofol for all the procedures was 83.2 ± 48.1 mg, for EGD and colonoscopy was 59.7 ± 36.2 mg and 77.2 ± 41 mg respectively. The average dose used in patients >75 years for EGD was 47.5 ± 37.8 mg, for colonoscopies 58.3 ± 33.4 mg and for EGD + colonoscopies was 78.7 ± 42.7 mg compared to patients <75 years in whom the average dose for EGD was 61.1 ± 35.8 mg (p<0.05), in colonoscopies was 80.5 ± 41.3 mg (p<0.05) and in EGD + colonoscopies 105.9 ± 50.2 mg (p<0.05). There were no sedation-related complications. Conclusions: Propofol combined with meperidine and midazolam in endoscopic procedures directed by a trained gastroenterologist is safe. Elderly patients (>75 years old) required significantly less doses of propofol for EGD, colonoscopy, EGD/colonoscopy and EUS.

Dexmedetomidine as an anesthetic adjuvant in cardiac surgery: a cohort study

ABSTRACT Objective: α-2-agonists cause sympathetic inhibition combined with parasympathetic activation and have other properties that could be beneficial during cardiac anesthesia. We evaluated the effects of dexmedetomidine as an anesthetic adjuvant compared to a control group during cardiac surgery. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from all adult patients (> 18 years old) undergoing cardiac surgery. Patients were divided into two groups, regarding the use of dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant intraoperatively (DEX group) and a control group who did not receive α-2-agonist (CON group). Results: A total of 1302 patients who underwent cardiac surgery, either coronary artery bypass graft or valve surgery, were included; 796 in the DEX group and 506 in the CON group. Need for reoperation (2% vs. 2.8%, P=0.001), type 1 neurological injury (2% vs. 4.7%, P=0.005) and prolonged hospitalization (3.1% vs. 7.3%, P=0.001) were significantly less frequent in the DEX group than in the CON group. Thirty-day mortality rates were 3.4% in the DEX group and 9.7% in the CON group (P<0.001). Using multivariable Cox regression analysis with in hospital death as the dependent variable, dexmedetomidine was independently associated with a lower risk of 30-day mortality (odds ratio [OR]=0.39, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.24-0.65, P≤0.001). The Logistic EuroSCORE (OR=1.05, 95% CI: 1.02-1.10, P=0.004) and age (OR=1.03, 95% CI: 1.01-1.06, P=0.003) were independently associated with a higher risk of 30-day mortality. Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine used as an anesthetic adjuvant was associated with better outcomes in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft and valve surgery. Randomized prospective controlled trials are warranted to confirm our results.

Comparison of two analgesia protocols for the treatment of pediatric orthopedic emergencies / Comparação de dois protocolos de analgesia para tratamento de emergências ortopédicas pediátricas

SummaryObjective:to compare the efficacy of two analgesia protocols (ketamine versus morphine) associated with midazolam for the reduction of dislocations or closed fractures in children.Methods:randomized clinical trial comparing morphine (0.1mg/kg; max 5mg) and ketamine (2.0mg/kg, max 70mg) associated with midazolam (0.2mg/kg; max 10mg) in the reduction of dislocations or closed fractures in children treated at the pediatrics emergency room (October 2010 and September 2011). The groups were compared in terms of the times to perform the procedures, analgesia, parent satisfaction and orthopedic team.Results:13 patients were allocated to ketamine and 12 to morphine, without differences in relation to age, weight, gender, type of injury, and pain scale before the intervention. There was no failure in any of the groups, no differences in time to start the intervention and overall procedure time. The average hospital stay time was similar (ketamine = 10.8+5.1h versus morphine = 12.3+4.4hs; p=0.447). The median pain (faces pain scale) scores after the procedure was 2 in both groups. Amnesia was noted in 92.3% (ketamine) and 83.3% (morphine) (p=0.904). Parents said they were very satisfied in relation to the analgesic intervention (84.6% in the ketamine group and 66.6% in the morphine group; p=0.296). The satisfaction of the orthopedist regarding the intervention was 92.3% in the ketamine group and 75% in the morphine group (p=0.222).Conclusion:by producing results similar to morphine, ketamine can be considered as an excellent option in pain management and helps in the reduction of dislocations and closed fractures in pediatric emergency rooms.

ResumoObjetivo:comparar a eficácia de dois protocolos de analgesia (cetamina versus morfina) associados ao midazolam para a redução de luxações ou fraturas fechadas em crianças.Métodos:ensaio clínico randomizado comparando morfina (0,1 mg/kg; máx. 5 mg) e cetamina (2,0 mg/kg; máx. 70 mg) associados a midazolam (0,2 mg/kg; máx. 10 mg) na redução de luxações ou fraturas fechadas em crianças atendidas em emergência pediátrica, no período de outubro de 2010 a setembro de 2011. Os grupos foram comparados segundo os seguintes indicadores: tempo para realizar os procedimentos, analgesia, satisfação de pais e da equipe ortopédica.Resultados:treze pacientes foram alocados para cetamina e 12 para morfina, sem diferenças em relação a idade, peso, gênero, tipo de lesão e escala da dor antes da intervenção. Não houve falha em nenhum dos grupos, sem diferenças no tempo para iniciar a intervenção e no tempo total de procedimento. O tempo médio de hospitalização foi similar (cetamina=10,8±5,1 h versus morfina=12,3±4,4 h; p=0,447). A mediana de dor (escala de faces da dor) após o procedimento foi de 2 em ambos os grupos. Amnésia foi observada em 92,3% (cetamina) e 83,3% (morfina) (p=0,904). Os pais declararam estar muito satisfeitos em relação à intervenção analgésica (84,6% no grupo cetamina e 66,6% no grupo morfina; p=0,296). A satisfação do ortopedista em relação à intervenção foi de 92,3% no grupo cetamina e 75% no grupo da morfina (p=0,222).Conclusão:a cetamina, ao apresentar resultados semelhantes à morfina, pode ser considerada uma excelente opção no manejo da dor e no auxílio da redução de luxações e fraturas fechadas em salas de emergência pediátrica.

Paralytic Ileus and Prophylactic Gastrointestinal Motility Medication after Spinal Operation

PURPOSE: To investigate the prevalence of paralytic ileus after spinal operation in the supine or prone operative position and to determine the efficacy of prophylactic gastrointestinal motility medications in preventing symptomatic paralytic ileus after a spinal operation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All patients received spinal surgery in the supine or prone operative position. The study period was divided into two phases: first, to analyze the prevalence of radiographic and symptomatic paralytic ileus after a spinal operation, and second, to determine the therapeutic effects of prophylactic gastrointestinal motility medications (postoperative intravenous injection of scopolamine butylbromide and metoclopramide hydrochloride) on symptomatic paralytic ileus after a spinal operation. RESULTS: Basic demographic data were not different. In the first phase of this study, 27 patients (32.9%) with radiographic paralytic ileus and 11 patients (13.4%) with symptomatic paralytic ileus were observed. Radiographic paralytic ileus was more often noted in patients who underwent an operation in the prone position (p=0.044); whereas the occurrence of symptomatic paralytic ileus was not different between the supine and prone positioned patients (p=0.385). In the second phase, prophylactic medications were shown to be ineffective in preventing symptomatic paralytic ileus after spinal surgery [symptomatic paralytic ileus was observed in 11.1% (4/36) with prophylactic medication and 16.7% (5/30) with a placebo, p=0.513]. CONCLUSION: Spinal surgery in the prone position was shown to increase the likelihood of radiographic paralytic ileus occurrence, but not symptomatic paralytic ileus. Unfortunately, the prophylactic medications to prevent symptomatic paralytic ileus after spine surgery were shown to be ineffective.

A randomized, double blind comparison of pethidine and ketoprofen as adjuvants for lignocaine in intravenous regional anaesthesia / Estudo comparativo, randômico e duplo-cego de petidina e cetoprofeno como adjuvantes de lidocaína em anestesia regional intravenosa / Estudio comparativo, aleatorizado y doble ciego, de la petidina y del ketoprofeno como adyuvantes de la lidocaína en la anestesia regional intravenosa

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: A review of all the adjuncts for intravenous regional anaesthesia concluded that there is good evidence to recommend NonSteroidal Anti-Inflammatory agents and pethidine in the dose of 30 mg dose as adjuncts to intravenous regional anaesthesia. But there are no studies to compare pethidine of 30 mg dose to any of the NonSteroidal Anti-Inflammatory agents. METHODS: In a prospective, randomized, double blind study, 45 patients were given intravenous regional anaesthesia with either lignocaine alone or lignocaine with pethidine 30 mg or lignocaine with ketprofen 100 mg. Fentanyl was used as rescue analgesic during surgery. For the first 6 h of postoperative period analgesia was provided by fentanyl injection and between 6 and 24 h analgesia was provided by diclofenac tablets. Visual analogue scores for pain and consumption of fentanyl and diclofenac were compared. RESULTS: The block was inadequate for one case each in lignocaine group and pethidine group, so general anaesthesia was provided. Time for the first dose of fentanyl required for postoperative analgesia was significantly more in pethidine and ketoprofen groups compared to lignocaine group (156.7 ± 148.8 and 153.0 ± 106.0 vs. 52.1 ± 52.4 min respectively). Total fentanyl consumption in first 6 h of postoperative period was less in pethidine and ketoprofen groups compared to lignocaine group (37.5 ± 29.0 mcg, 38.3 ± 20.8 mcg vs. 64.2 ± 27.2 mcg respectively). Consumption of diclofenac tablets was 2.4 ± 0.7, 2.5 ± 0.5 and 2.0 ± 0.7 in the control, pethidine and ketoprofen group respectively, which was statistically not significant. Side effects were not significantly different between the groups. CONCLUSION: Both pethidine and ketoprofen are equally effective in providing postoperative analgesia up to 6 h, without significant difference in the side effects and none of the adjuncts provide significant ...

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: uma revisão de todos os adjuvantes para anestesia regional intravenosa concluiu que há boas evidências para recomendar os agentes anti-inflamatórios não esteroides e petidina em dose de 30 mg como adjuvantes para anestesia regional intravenosa. Porém, não há estudos que comparem petidina (30 mg) com quaisquer dos agentes anti-inflamatórios não esteroides. MÉTODOS: em um estudo prospectivo, randômico e duplo-cego, 45 pacientes receberam anestesia regional intravenosa com apenas lidocaína ou lidocaína com petidina (30 mg) ou lidocaína com cetoprofeno (100 mg). Fentanil foi usado como analgésico de resgate durante a cirurgia. Durante as seis primeiras horas de pós-operatório, analgesia foi fornecida via injeção de fentanil e, entre seis e 24 horas, analgesia foi fornecida via comprimidos de diclofenaco. Os escores visuais analógicos para dor e do consumo de fentanil e diclofenaco foram comparados. RESULTADOS: o bloqueio foi inadequado para um caso tanto do grupo lidocaína quanto do grupo petidina; portanto, anestesia geral foi administrada. O tempo para a primeira dose necessária de fentanil para analgesia pós-operatória foi significativamente maior nos grupos petidina e cetoprofeno em comparação com o grupo lidocaína (156,7 ± 148,8 e 153,0 ± 106,0 vs. 52,1 ± 52,4 minutos, respectivamente). O consumo total de fentanil nas primeiras seis horas de pós-operatório foi menor nos grupos petidina e cetoprofeno em comparação com o grupo lidocaína (37,5 ± 29,0 mcg, 38,3 ± 20,8 mcg vs. 64,2 ± 27,2 mcg, respectivamente). O consumo de comprimidos de diclofenaco foi de 2,4 ± 0,7, 2,5 ± 0,5 e 2,0 ± 0,7 no grupo controle, petidina e cetoprofeno, respectivamente, o que não foi estatisticamente significante. ...

JUSTIFICACIÓN Y OBJETIVOS: una revisión sobre todos los adyuvantes para la anestesia regional intravenosa concluyó que hay buenas evidencias para recomendar los agentes antiinflamatorios no esteroideos y la petidina en dosis de 30 mg como adyuvantes para la anestesia regional intravenosa. Sin embargo, no hay estudios comparando la petidina (30 mg) con cualesquiera de los agentes antiinflamatorios no-esteroideos. MÉTODOS: en un estudio prospectivo, aleatorizado y doble ciego, 45 pacientes recibieron anestesia regional intravenosa con solamente lidocaína o lidocaína con petidina (30 mg) o lidocaína con ketoprofeno (100 mg). El fentanilo fue usado como analgésico de rescate durante la cirugía. Durante las 6 primeras horas del postoperatorio, la analgesia fue suministrada vía inyección de fentanilo y entre 6 y 24 h, la analgesia fue suministrada vía comprimidos de diclofenaco. Se compararon las puntuaciones visuales analógicas para el dolor y el consumo de fentanilo y diclofenaco. RESULTADOS: el bloqueo fue inadecuado para un caso tanto del grupo lidocaína como del grupo petidina; por tanto, se administró anestesia general. El tiempo para la primera dosis necesaria de fentanilo para analgesia postoperatoria fue significativamente mayor en los grupos petidina y ketoprofeno en comparación con el grupo lidocaína (156,7 ± 148,8 y 153,0 ± 106,0 vs. 52,1 ± 52,4 min, respectivamente). El consumo total de fentanilo en las primeras 6 h del postoperatorio fue menor en los grupos petidina y ketoprofeno en comparación con el grupo lidocaína (37,5 ± 29,0 mcg; 38,3 ± 20,8 mcg vs. 64,2 ± 27,2 mcg, respectivamente). El consumo de comprimidos de diclofenaco fue de 2,4 ± 0,7; 2,5 ± 0,5; y 2 ± 0,7 en el grupo control, petidina y ketoprofeno, respectivamente, lo que no fue estadísticamente significativo. Los ...

The analgesic effect of nitroglycerin added to lidocaine on quality of intravenous regional anesthesia in patients undergoing elective forearm and hand surgery

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of nitroglycerine (NTG) on sensory and motor block onset and recovery time as well as the quality of tourniquet pain relief, when added to lidocaine (LID) for intravenous regional anesthesia in elective forearm and hand surgery. METHODS: A randomized double-blinded clinical trial was performed on 40 patients that were randomly allocated into two groups received lidocaine 3 mg/kg with NTG 200 µg or received only lidocaine 3 mg/kg as the control. RESULTS: There was no difference between the two study groups in hemodynamic parameters before tourniquet inflation, at any time after inflation and after its deflation. There was no difference in the mean of pain score over time between the two groups. The onset time of sensory and motor blockades was shorter in the group received both LID and NTG. The mean recovery time of sensory blockade was longer in the former group. The frequency of opioid injections was significantly lower in those who administered LID and NTG. CONCLUSION: The adjuvant drug of NTG when added to LID is effective in improving the overall quality of anesthesia, shortening onset time of both sensory and motor blockades, and stabling homodynamic parameters in hand and forearm surgery.

Spinal anesthesia for elective ceasarean section: use of different doses of hyperbaric bupivacaine associated with morphine and clonidine

PURPOSE: To comparatively study the efficacy and maternal and fetal side-effects of two doses of bupivacaine associated with morphine and clonidine, administered by the subarachnoid route for cesarean section. METHODS: The study included 66 pregnant women at term, distributed into two groups. GI: bupivacaine 8.0 mg (1.6mL) + clonidine 75µg (0.5mL) + morphine 100µg (1.0mL) and GII: bupivacaine 10mg (2.0mL) + clonidine 75µg (0.5mL) + morphine 100µg (1.0mL). The following parameters were assessed: onset and maximum level of sensory block; quality of intraoperative and postoperative analgesia; degree and duration of motor block; maternal repercussions and Apgar score. RESULTS: The onset of sensory block, quality of intraoperative analgesia and total duration of analgesia were similar in both groups; maximum extent of sensory block predominated in T4; maximum degree of motor block (Bromage 3); time motor block regression was significantly longer in GII; Hemodynamic, respiratory repercussions, adverse maternal effects and Apgar scores were similar between groups. In both groups, there was a predominance of drowsy or sleeping patients. CONCLUSION: The addition of morphine and clonidine to low doses of hyperbaric bupivacaine produced adequate anesthesia for cesarean section and good postoperative analgesia, without any maternal and fetal repercussions.

Incidência de tremores após cesarianas sob raquianestesia com ou sem sufentanil intratecal: estudo aleatório / Incidence of shivering after cesarean section under spinal anesthesia with or without intrathecal sufentanil: a randomized study / Incidencia de temblores después de cesáreas bajo raquianestesia con o sin sufentanilo intratecal: estudio randomizado

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVO: Tremores são causa de desconforto e insatisfação das pacientes submetidas à cesariana. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o impacto do uso de sufentanil intratecal na incidência de tremores após cesarianas. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: Em um ensaio clínico prospectivo aleatório encoberto, foram incluídas no estudo gestantes submetidas à cesariana sob raquianestesia. Foram excluídas as gestantes em trabalho de parto, febris, obesas, com doença hipertensiva da gravidez, com falha do bloqueio anestésico ou complicação cirúrgica. As pacientes foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em dois grupos. No Grupo I foram administrados 10 mg de bupivacaína 0,5% hiperbárica associados a 80 mcg de morfina e 2,5 mcg de sufentanil. No Grupo II foram administrados 10 mg de bupivacaína 0,5% hiperbárica associados a 80 mcg de morfina. Na Sala de Recuperação Pós-Anestésica as pacientes foram avaliadas quanto à presença de sinais de tremores por observador que desconhecia o grupo ao qual a paciente havia sido alocada. RESULTADOS: A amostra constou de 80 pacientes. Em ambos os grupos houve diminuição na temperatura axilar das pacientes após a cesariana (p < 0,001). Essa diminuição não se mostrou diferente entre os grupos (p < 0,21). No Grupo I a incidência de tremores foi de 13/40 (32,5%) pacientes e no Grupo II foi de 25/40 (62,5%) (p < 0,007) - Risco Relativo 0,53 (IC 95% 0,32-0,87). CONCLUSÕES: Sugere-se que a adição de sufentanil à bupivacaína hiperbárica e morfina durante raquianestesia para cesariana proporciona diminuição na incidência de tremores no período pós-operatório imediato.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Shivering is a cause of discomfort and dissatisfaction in patients undergoing cesarean section. The objective of this study paper was to assess the impact of intrathecal administration of sufentanil on the incidence of shivering after cesarean section. METHOD: In a prospective blinded, randomized clinical trial, pregnant women undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia were enrolled. Pregnant women in labor, febrile, obese, with pregnancy-induced hypertension, anesthetic block failure or surgical complications were excluded. Patients were randomly assigned to two groups. In Group I, 10 mg of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine combined with 80 mcg of morphine and 2.5 mcg of sufentanil were administered. In Group II, 10 mg of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine combined with 80 mcg of morphine were administered. In the post-anesthesia care unit, patients were evaluated for signs of shivering by an investigator blinded to the patient's group allocation. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 80 patients. In both groups there was a decrease in axillary temperature of patients after cesarean section (p < 0.001). This decrease was not different between groups (p < 0.21). In Group I, the incidence of tremor was 32.5% (13/40) and in Group II it was 62.5% (25/40) (p < 0.007); RR 0.53 (CI 95% 0.32-0.87). CONCLUSIONS: It has been suggested that the addition of sufentanil to hyperbaric bupivacaine and morphine during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section provides a decrease in the incidence of shivering in the immediate postoperative period.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: Los temblores son provenientes de la incomodidad y de la insatisfacción de las pacientes sometidas a la cesárea. El objetivo de este estudio, fue analizar el impacto del uso de sufentanilo intratecal en la incidencia de temblores posteriores a las cesáreas. PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: En un ensayo clínico prospectivo randomizado encubierto, se incluyeron en el estudio embarazadas sometidas a la cesárea bajo raquianestesia. Se excluyeron las embarazadas en trabajo de parto, febriles, obesas, con enfermedad hipertensiva del embarazo, con fallo en el bloqueo anestésico o complicación quirúrgica. Las pacientes se distribuyeron aleatoriamente en dos grupos. En el Grupo I, fueron administrados 10 mg de bupivacaína al 0,5% hiperbárica asociados a 80 mcg de morfina y 2,5 mcg de sufentanilo. En el Grupo II, fueron administrados 10 mg de bupivacaína al 0,5% hiperbárica asociados a 80 mcg de morfina. En la Sala de Recuperación Postanestésica, las pacientes se evaluaron en cuanto a la presencia de signos de temblores por un observador que no conocía el grupo en el cual la paciente había sido ubicada. RESULTADOS: La muestra constó de 80 pacientes. En los dos grupos se produjo una reducción en la temperatura axilar de las pacientes después de la cesárea (p < 0,001). Esa disminución no fue diferente entre los grupos (p < 0,21). En el Grupo I la incidencia de temblores fue de 13/40 (32,5%) pacientes y en el Grupo II de 25/40 (62,5%) (p < 0,007) - Riesgo Relativo 0,53 (IC 95% 0,32-0,87). CONCLUSIONES: Sugerimos que la adición de sufentanilo a la bupivacaína hiperbárica y morfina durante la raquianestesia para la cesárea, proporciona la disminución en la incidencia de temblores en el período postoperatorio inmediato.

Anestesia espinhal com 10 mg de bupivacaína hiperbárica associada a 5 µg de sufentanil para cesariana: estudo de diferentes volumes / Spinal Block with 10 mg of hyperbaric bupivacaine associated with 5 µg of sufentanil for cesarean section: study of different volumes / Anestesia espinal con 10 mg de bupivacaína hiperbárica asociada a 5 µg de sufentanil para cesárea: estudio de diferentes volúmenes

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Diversos fatores influenciam na dispersão cefálica da solução anestésica no espaço subaracnóideo, entre os quais destacam-se as alterações fisiológicas inerentes à gravidez, baricidade, dose e volume do anestésico local. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar em cesarianas a efetividade e os efeitos colaterais de diferentes volumes da associação de bupivacaína hiperbárica e sufentanil por via subaracnóidea. MÉTODO: Quarenta pacientes, ASA I e II, submetidas à cesariana eletiva sob raquianestesia distribuídas em dois grupos, de acordo com o volume da solução anestésica empregada: Grupo I (4 mL) e Grupo II (3 mL). Nos dois grupos o anestésico local empregado foi a bupivacaína hiperbárica (10 mg-2 mL) associada ao sufentanil (5 µg-1 mL). No Grupo I, para obtenção do volume de 4 mL, foi adicionado 1 mL de solução fisiológica a 0,9 por cento. Foram avaliados: latência do bloqueio; nível máximo do bloqueio sensitivo; grau do bloqueio motor; tempo para regressão do bloqueio motor; duração total da analgesia; efeitos adversos maternos e repercussões neonatais. RESULTADOS: A latência, o nível máximo do bloqueio sensitivo, o grau e o tempo para regressão do bloqueio motor foram semelhantes nos dois grupos; a duração da analgesia foi maior no Grupo I, com diferença significativa em relação ao Grupo II. Os efeitos adversos ocorreram com frequência semelhante em ambos os grupos. Ausência de alterações cardiocirculatórias maternas e repercussões neonatais. CONCLUSÕES: A bupivacaína hiperbárica na dose de 10 mg associada ao sufentanil na dose de 5 µg, com volume de 4 mL, foi mais eficaz que a mesma associação em menor volume (3 mL), proporcionando melhor analgesia intra e pós-operatória, sem repercussões materno-fetais.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Several factors affect the cephalad dispersion of the anesthetic solution in the subarachnoid space; among them, physiological changes of pregnancy and the dose and volume of the local anesthetics should be mentioned. The objective of this study was to assess the effectivity and side effects of different volumes of the subarachnoid administration of the association of hyperbaric bupivacaine and sufentanil in cesarean sections. METHODS: Forty patients, ASA I and II, undergoing elective cesarean section under spinal block were divided in two groups, according to the volume of the anesthetic solution: Group I (4 mL) and Group II (3 mL). The association of hyperbaric bupivacaine (10 mg-2 mL) and sufentanil (5 µg-1 mL) was used in both groups. In Group I, 1 mL of NS was added to the solution to achieve the volume of 4 mL. The following parameters were evaluated: latency of the blockade; upper limit of the sensorial blockade; degree of motor blockade; time for regression of the motor blockade; total duration of analgesia; maternal side effects; and neonatal repercussions. RESULTS: Latency, the upper limit of the sensorial blockade, and the degree and time for regression of the motor blockade were similar in both groups; duration of analgesia was greater in Group I than in Group II, which was statistically significant. The incidence of side effects was similar in both groups. Maternal cardiocirculatory changes and neonatal repercussions were not observed. CONCLUSIONS: Four milliliter of anesthetic solution composed of hyperbaric bupivacaine, 10 mg, associated with 5 µg of sufentanil was more effective than 3 ml of the same solution, providing better intra-and postoperative analgesia without maternal-fetal repercussions.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: Diversos factores influyen en la dispersión cefálica de la solución anestésica en el espacio subaracnoideo, entre los cuales se destacan las alteraciones fisiológicas inherentes al embarazo, baricidad, dosis y volumen del anestésico local. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la efectividad y los efectos colaterales de diferentes volúmenes de la asociación de bupivacaína hiperbárica y sufentanil por vía subaracnoidea en cesáreas. MÉTODO: Cuarenta pacientes, ASA I y II, sometidos a cesárea electiva bajo raquianestesia distribuidos en dos grupos, de acuerdo con el volumen de la solución anestésica usada: Grupo I (4 mL) y Grupo II (3 mL). En los dos grupos, el anestésico local empleado fue la bupivacaína hiperbárica (10 mg-2 mL) asociada al sufentanil (5 µg-1 mL). En el Grupo I, para la obtención del volumen de 4 mL, se añadió 1 mL de solución fisiológica a 0,9 por ciento. Se evaluaron: latencia del bloqueo; nivel máximo del bloqueo sensitivo; grado del bloqueo motor; tiempo para regresión del bloqueo motor; duración total de la analgesia; efectos adversos maternos y repercusiones neonatales. RESULTADOS: La latencia, el nivel máximo del bloqueo sensitivo, el grado y el tiempo para la regresión del bloqueo motor fueron similares en los dos grupos; la duración de la analgesia fue mayor en el Grupo I, con una diferencia significativa con relación al Grupo II. Los efectos adversos se dieron a menudo de forma similar en los dos grupos. Se registró la ausencia de las alteraciones cardiocirculatorias maternas y de las repercusiones neonatales. CONCLUSIONES: La bupivacaína hiperbárica en dosis de 10 mg asociada al sufentanil en dosis de 5 µg, con un volumen de 4 mL, fue más eficaz que la misma asociación en un menor volumen (3 mL), proporcionando una mejor analgesia intra y postoperatoria, sin repercusiones materno-fetales.

Midazolam oral como medicação pré-anestésica em blefaroplastias / Oral sedation with midazolam in blepharoplasty

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a eficácia e a segurança do emprego oral de midazolam (15 mg) como medicação pré-anestésica em pacientes submetidos a blefaroplastias. MÉTODOS: Foi desenvolvido um ensaio clínico prospectivo, duplo cego, randomizado, controlado com 42 pacientes, risco ASA I e II, divididos em três grupos de 14 pacientes: grupo M (midazolam 15 mg), grupo P (placebo) e grupo SM (sem medicação). Os pacientes foram avaliados quanto ao grau de sedação e dor intraoperatórias e variação entre os períodos pré e transoperatórios da ansiedade, pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica, frequência respiratória e pulso. RESULTADOS: A análise de variância unifatorial com teste de Tukey mostrou que a administração de midazolam ocasionou uma redução significativa da pressão arterial sistólica e da frequência respiratória no período transoperatório em relação aos pacientes que utilizaram placebo ou não fizeram uso de medicamento. Esses efeitos foram discretos e acompanhados de diminuição na percepção da dor, discreta sedação e redução da ansiedade. CONCLUSÃO: A sedação via oral com midazolam em pacientes submetidos a cirurgias palpebrais demonstrou ser eficiente de fácil aplicação e com mínimos efeitos sistêmicos.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety and usefulness of the use of oral sedation with midazolam (15 mg) in patients submitted to blepharoplasty. METHODS: Randomized double-blind prospective study of 42 patients (surgical risk ASA I and II) divided into three groups of 14 patients each: Group M (midazolam 15 mg), group P (placebo) and group SM (no medication). All patients were evaluated according to the degree of sedation and pain during surgery and the variation of anxiety between the preoperative and intraoperative period, arterial pressure (systolic-SAP and diastolic-DAP), respiratory frequency (RF) and pulsation. RESULTS: Unifatorial variance analysis with Tukey test demonstrated that the use of midazolam provoked a significant SAP and RF reduction during the intraoperative period. These effects were not pronounced and were accompanied by a reduction of pain perception and anxiety and mild sedation. CONCLUSIONS: Oral sedation with midazolam in patients that had undergone eyelid surgical procedures is safe and easy to perform with minimal systemic effects.

Comparison of efficacy of oral drotaverine plus mefenamic acid with paracervical block and with intravenous sedation for pain relief during hysteroscopy and endometrial biopsy.

Background : Office hysteroscopy with endometrial biopsy is usually the first investigation for abnormal uterine bleeding and other uterine diseases. Aims: To evaluate the effect of oral drotaverine with mefenamic acid on pain perception during hysteroscopy and endometrial biopsy and to compare it with that of paracervical block using 1% lignocaine and with that of intravenous sedation using diazepam with pentazocine. Settings and Design : Outpatient gynecological department and open randomized trial. Materials and Methods : One hundred twenty women undergoing hysteroscopy and endometrial biopsy were randomized into 3 groups. Group I received tablet containing drotaverine hydrochloride (80 mg) + mefenamic acid (250 mg), group II received lignocaine paracervically and group III received intravenous diazepam. The intensity of pain during the procedure, 30 and 60 minutes later on visual analog scale (VAS) was assessed. Statistical Analysis : Statistical analysis was performed using Kruskal-Wallis test, with the Bonferroni correction, the t test, and the χ2 test. Results: Groups were similar in age, parity, vaginal birth or relevant medical history. A statistically significant difference in pain scores was noted among the 3 groups during the procedure (group I, 4.13± 1.28; group II, 5.93± 1.26; group III, 5.58± 1.51), (P< 0.001); as well as 30 minutes later (group I, 1.78± 0.89; group II, 2.53± 0.81; group III, 2.23± 0.94), (P< 0.001) and 60 minutes later (group I, 1.2± 0.46; group II, 1.98± 0.83; group III, 1.68± 0.75), (P< 0.001). VAS at different time intervals among the groups was also statistically significant. No adverse effects were observed. Conclusions : Oral drotaverine with mefenamic acid is effective in women undergoing hysteroscopy and endometrial biopsy.

Anestesia peridural para cesariana: estudo comparativo entre Bupivacaína Racêmica (S50-R50) e Bupivacaína com excesso enantiomérico de 50% (S75-R25) a 0.5% associadas ao Sufentanil / Epidural block for cesarean section: a comparative study between 0.5% racemic Bupivacaine (S50-R50) and 0.5% enantiomeric excess Bupivacaine (S75-R25) associated with Sufentanil / Anestesia epidural para cesárea: estudio comparativo entre Bupivacaína Racémica (S50-R50) y Bupivacaína con exceso enantiomérico de 50% (S75-R25) a 0.5% asociadas al Sufentanil

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A bupivacaína racêmica a 0,5% associada a opioides por via peridural constitui técnica anestésica utilizada em cesariana, entretanto sua toxicidade é questionada. A bupivacaína com excessoenantiomérico de 50% apresenta menor cárdio e neurotoxicidade. Avaliou-se aeficácia da bupivacaína racêmica e da bupivacaína com excesso enantioméricode 50% a 0,5%, associadas ao sufentanil, por via peridural, em gestantes submetidas à cesariana.MÉTODO: Cinquenta gestantes a termo, submetidas à cesariana eletiva, sob bloqueio peridural, distribuídas em dois grupos, de acordo com o anestésico localempregado: Grupo I - bupivacaína racêmica a 0,5% com vasoconstritor; Grupo II - bupivacaína com excesso enantiomérico de 50% (S75-R25) a 0,5% com vasoconstritor. Nos dois grupos o anestésico local (100 mg) foi associado ao sufentanil (20 μg) e o volume total empregado da solução foi de 24 mL. Avaliaram-se: latência do bloqueio sensitivo; nível máximo do bloqueio sensitivo; grau do bloqueio motor; tempo para regressão do bloqueio motor; duração da analgesia; efeitos colaterais maternos e repercussões neonatais. RESULTADOS: A latência, o nível máximo do bloqueio sensitivo, o grau do bloqueio motor e a duração da analgesia foram semelhantes nos dois grupos; o tempopara regressão do bloqueio motor foi significativamente menor no Grupo II. Osefeitos colaterais ocorreram com frequência semelhante em ambos os grupos. Ausência de alterações cardiocirculatórias maternas e repercussões neonatais. CONCLUSÕES: A bupivacaína racêmica e a bupivacaína com excesso enantiomérico de 50%, por via peridural, proporcionam anestesia adequada para realização de cesariana. A bupivacaína com excesso enantiomérico de 50% constitui alternativa promissora para esse tipo de procedimento, por apresentar menor tempo para regressão do bloqueio motor, desejável na paciente obstétrica.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Epidural 0.5% racemic bupivacaineassociated with opioids is a technique used in cesarean sections; however, itstoxicity has been questioned. 50% Enantiomeric excess bupivacaine has lower cardio- and neurotoxicity. The efficacy of epidural 0.5% racemic bupivacaine and 0.5% enantiomeric excess bupivacaine associated with sufentanil in parturients undergoing cesarean sections was evaluated. METHODS: Fifty gravida at term, undergoing elective cesarean section under epidural block, were divided in two groups according to the local anesthetic used: Group I – 0.5% racemic bupivacaine with vasoconstrictor; and Group II – 0.5% enantiomeric excess bupivacaine (S75-R25) with vasoconstrictor. In both groups, the local anesthetic (100 mg) was associated with sufentanil (20 μg),and a total of 24 mL of the solution was used. The following parameters wereevaluated: latency of the sensitive blockade; maximal level of the sensitiveblockade; degree for motor blockade; time of motor blockade regression; duration of analgesia; maternal side effects; and neonatal repercussions. RESULTS: Latency, maximal level of sensitive blockade, degree of motor blockade, and duration of analgesia were similar in both groups; the mean time for regression of the motor blockade was significantly smaller in Group II. The incidence of side effects was similar in both groups. Maternal cardiocirculatory changes and neonatal repercussions were not observed. CONCLUSIONS: Epidural racemic bupivacaine and 50% enantiomeric excess bupivacaine provided adequate anesthesia for cesarean sections. 50%Enantiomeric excess bupivacaine is a promising alternative for this procedure,since it has faster regression of the motor blockade, which is desirable inobstetric patients.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: La bupivacaína racémica a 0,5% asociada a opioides por vía epidural constituye una técnica anestésica utilizada en cesárea, sin embargo su toxicidad se pone en tela de juicio. La bupivacaína con exceso enantiomérico de 50%,presenta un menor cardio y neurotoxicidad. Se evaluó la eficaciade la bupivacaína racémica y de la bupivacaína con exceso enantioméricode 50% a 0,5%, asociadas al sufentanil, por vía epidural en embarazadas sometidas a la cesárea. MÉTODO: Cincuenta embarazadas a término, sometidas a la cesárea electiva bajo bloqueo epidural, distribuidas en dos grupos, de acuerdo con el anestésico local usado: Grupo I - bupivacaína racémica a 0,5% con vasoconstrictor; Grupo II - bupivacaína con exceso enantiomérico de 50% (S75-R25) a 0,5% con vasoconstrictor. En los dos grupos el anestésico local (100 mg) estuvo asociado al sufentanil (20 μg) y el volumen total usado de la soluciónfue de 24 mL. Se evaluaron: la latencia del bloqueo sensitivo; nivel máximo del bloqueo sensitivo; grado del bloqueo motor; tiempo para la regresión del bloqueo motor; duración de la analgesia;efectos colaterales maternos y repercusiones neonatales. RESULTADOS: La latencia, el nivel máximo del bloqueo sensitivo, el grado del bloqueo motor y la duración de la analgesia fueron similares en los dos grupos; el tiempo para la regresión delbloqueo motor fue significativamente menor en el Grupo II. Los efectos colaterales ocurrieron con frecuencia similar en los dos grupos. Hubo ausencia de alteraciones cardiocirculatorias maternas y repercusiones neonatales.CONCLUSIONES: La bupivacaína racémica y la bupivacaína con exceso enantiomérico de 50%, por vía epidural, proporcionan una anestesia adecuada para la realización de la cesárea. La bupivacaína con exceso enantiomérico de 50%, es una alternativa...

Evaluation of the effect of locally administered amitriptyline gel as adjunct to local anesthetics in irreversible pulpitis pain.

BACKGROUND: Amitriptyline is one of the most common tricyclic antidepressants, which binds to pain sensory nerve fibers close to the sodium channel; hence, it could interact to some degree with receptors of local anesthetics. This study was designed to assess the additional analgesic effects of 2% Amitriptyline local gel administration in irreversible pulpitis pain of the molars. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was a randomized, double-blind clinical trial that was performed on 56 consented adult patients who did not receive enough analgesia after a lidocaine nerve block for their tooth pulpitis pain. Patients were treated with 0.2 ml of either 2% amitriptyline or placebo, which was directly injected into their mandibular molar pulp chamber after they had received two routine lidocaine injections. Patients were asked to score their pain as a mark on a 10-cm Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at different timepoints: 0 (just before gel administration), 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 minutes after the treatments. RESULTS: There was a 92.5% decrease in VAS scores of patients 9 minutes after amitriptyline administration compared to Time 0, while in the placebo group this difference was only 13.5%. Further, in the amitriptyline group, the VAS score at all timepoints was statistically different from Time 0 (P < 0.01). The overall pain reduction and its trend was significantly higher in the amitriptyline group compared with the placebo group (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Inter-pulp space administration of amitriptyline 2% gel for completing analgesia in irreversible pulpitis pain could be effective and useful as a conjunctive therapy to injections of local anesthetics.

Topical Glycopirrolate for the Management of Hyperhidrosis in Herpetic Neuralgia

Herpes zoster is a relapse of varicella. In certain cases, long-term pain and hyperhidrosis have been noted. Appearance of herpes zoster during pregnancy is infrequent. We described hyperhidrosis and pain treatment using glycopirrolate cream in a pregnant woman with herpetic neuralgia. A 32 year old woman, 21 weeks pregnant with second child, complained to her gynecologist of the appearance of a vesicular rash on the left half of the forehead that progressed toward her left eyelid, accompanied by lancinating pain, allodynia, hyperhidrosis and small edema, blepharitis and conjunctivitis. Following clinical and laboratory tests, she was diagnosed with herpes zoster ophtalmicus. Aciclovir therapy was administered 800 mg orally five times daily for seven days. Pain therapy was initiated with amitriptilline. We discontinued amitriptilline therapy after 10 days because of appearance of unwanted side effects. After skin changes ceased, we introduced Lidocaine patch into pain therapy which reduced the allodynia, but not the lancinating pain and hyperhidrosis. At that time we began using glycopirrolate cream which reduced pain intensity by 28.5% within 24 hours, and completely eliminated hyperhidrosis. After 48 hours of use, the pain completely disappeared. During the Glycopirrolate cream therapy, there were no side effects. This is a first report to document that a topical Glycopirrolate cream has a beneficial effect in a patient with hyperhidrosis and herpetic neuralgia.

Dexmedetomidine in anesthesia of children submitted to videolaparoscopic appendectomy: a double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled study / Dexmedetomidina na anestesia de crianças submetidas à apendicectomia por videolaparoscopia: um estudo duplo cego randomizado e placebo-controlado

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the hemodynamic responses to nociceptive stimuli in children submitted to videolaparoscopic appendectomy under balanced anesthesia with isoflurane and dexmedetomidine. METHODS: Randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled study involving 26 children submitted to videolaparoscopic appendectomy carried out at Hospital São Lucas (PUCRS) between May 2004 and February 2005. Patients were assigned to two groups: (a) Dexmedetomidine group (n=13): infusion of 1µg/kg over 10 minutes and maintenance dose of 0.5µg/kg/h) as an adjuvant to inhaled isoflurane anesthesia; (b) Control group (n=13): normal saline infusion at a similar rate and volume of the dexmedetomidine infusion. During the different surgical and anesthetic periods, groups were compared regarding heart rate, systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressures as well as need of supplemental fentanyl infusion. Student's t test, ANOVA, and Finner's procedure were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: During the strongest nociceptive stimuli (airway access and abdominal catheter placement), the heart rate and systolic blood pressure increased significantly (p<0.001) in the control group compared to the dexmedetomidine group. Compared to baseline levels, the hemodynamic responses to nociceptive stimuli were more stable when dexmedetomidine was used in combination with inhaled isoflurane anesthesia. The need for supplemental doses of fentanyl and the hemodynamic parameters were similar for both groups. CONCLUSION: Dexmedetomidine combined with inhaled isoflurane for anesthesia of children submitted to videolaparoscopic appendectomy, efficiently blocks the hemodynamic responses to nociceptive stimuli. When compared to placebo, the use of dexmedetomidine did not change the need for supplemental doses of fentanyl for maintenance of hemodynamic parameters during the intraoperative period.

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a resposta hemodinâmica aos estímulos nocicepticos em crianças submetidas à apendicectomia por videolaparoscopia sob anestesia balanceada com isoflorane e dexmedetomidina. MÉTODOS: Estudo randomizado, duplo cego e placebo controlado envolvendo 26 crianças submetidas à apendicectomia por videolaparoscopia no Hospital São Lucas da PUCRS entre maio de 2004 a fevereiro 2005. Os pacientes foram alocados: a) Grupo Dexmedetomidina (n=13), administrada 1µg/kg em 10 minutos e manutenção de 0,5µg/kg/h como coadjuvante à anestesia inalatória com isoforane; b) Grupo Controle (n=13), que recebia solução fisiológica com volume e velocidade de infusão semelhante ao grupo anterior. Durante os diferentes tempos cirúrgicos e anestésicos os grupos foram comparados em relação à freqüência cardíaca, pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica, assim como necessidade de doses suplementares de fentanil. Os grupos foram comparados pelo teste T, Qui quadrado, a ANOVA e Finner. RESULTADOS: Nos momentos de maior estímulo doloroso (entubação, colocação dos trocateres abdominais), a freqüência cardíaca e tensão arterial sistólica aumentaram significativamente (p<0,001) no grupo placebo em comparação ao grupo dexmedetomidina. Houve maior estabilidade hemodinâmica aos estímulos nociceptivos quando a dexmedetomidina foi empregada na complementação anestésica ao isoforane. A necessidade de doses adicionais de fentanil na manutenção dos parâmetros hemodinâmicos estáveis foi semelhante entre os dois grupos. CONCLUSÃO: A dexmedetomidina, utilizada como coadjuvante ao isoforane na anestesia de crianças submetidas à apendicectomia por videolaparoscopia, bloqueia de forma efetiva a resposta hemodinâmica aos estímulos nociceptivos. No entanto, quando comparada ao placebo a dexmedetomidina não modificou a necessidade de doses complementares de fentanil para manutenção de parâmetros hemodinâmicos estáveis, durante o periodo intraoperatório.